Cov kev xav tau zoo rau cov qauv welded, cov khoom siv welded, thiab cov pob qij txha welded yog multifaceted. Nws suav nrog cov kev cai sab hauv xws li kev sib koom ua haujlwm thiab lub koom haum. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov tsos, zoo li, qhov tseeb, qhov vuam zoo, nto, thiab sab hauv. Txhawm rau kom paub sai li sai tau Thaum daws teeb meem, feem ntau nws yog ib qho kev tsom xam macroscopic ua raws li cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws microscopic yog tias tsim nyog.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsom xam macro yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws ntawm cov pob qij txha welded. Feem ntau siv txoj kev ntsuas qis-magnification ntawm metallographic microscope, los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qis-magnification metallographic nyob rau hauv qhov tsis xws luag ntawm welded pob qij txha, koom tes nrog high-magnification microstructure tsom xam los txiav txim qhov ua rau ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom zam thiab tshem tawm, thiab txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm welded pob qij txha zoo.
Los ntawm kev ua piv txwv, sib tsoo, etching thiab qis-magnification photography, peb muaj peev xwm kom meej meej thiab intuitively xyuas cov macroscopic defects ntawm welded pob qij txha, thiab sib txuas cov txheej txheem vuam los txiav txim seb cov txheej txheem vuam, cov neeg ua haujlwm vuam thiab cov qauv vuam tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Kev xav tau.
Raws li qhov ua rau tsim thiab tsis xws luag daim ntawv, macroscopic defects ntawm welds tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:
1. Stomata
Thaum lub sij hawm crystallization txheej txheem ntawm lub vuam pas dej ua ke, qee cov gases yuav nyob twj ywm hauv daim iav vuam los ua qhov pores vim qee cov roj tsis muaj sij hawm khiav tawm. Porosity yog ib qho tsis xws luag hauv cov pob qij txha welded. Pores tsis tsuas yog tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub vuam, tab sis kuj feem ntau tshwm hauv qhov vuam. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev kuaj xyuas nws nrog txoj kev yooj yim hauv kev tsim cov vuam, thiab nws yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj. Vuam porosity tsim nyob rau hauv lub weld yog hu ua internal porosity, thiab lub porosity uas qhib sab nraud yog feem ntau hu ua nto porosity.
2. Slag suav nrog
Slag inclusions yog slag los yog lwm yam uas tsis yog-metallic inclusions muaj nyob rau hauv welds, thiab yog ib qho tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv welds. Nyob rau hauv vuam siv cov ntaub ntawv flux hlau, xws li submerged arc vuam, slag yog tsim vim tsis zoo deposition, los yog nyob rau hauv CO2 welding tsis flux, cov khoom ntawm deoxidation tsim slag, uas tseem nyob rau hauv lub multilayer vuam hlau. Slag suav nrog yog tsim.
3. Tsis muaj kev nkag mus thiab tsis muaj fusion
Kev nkag mus tsis tiav yog hais txog qhov seem tshuav los ntawm kev nkag tsis tiav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke thaum vuam. Tsis tiav fusion yog ib qho tsis xws luag, uas yog hais txog qhov seem seem ntawm cov hlau molten thiab lub hauv paus hlau los yog nruab nrab ntawm cov hlaws uas nyob ib sab thiab cov txheej weld, thiab tsis tiav melting thiab bonding ntawm lub hauv paus hlau thiab lub hauv paus hlau thaum lub sij hawm welding. . Ib txhia hu ua unfused.
4. Kev tawg
Cov kab nrib pleb tau muab faib ua cov kab tawg kub (crystallization cracks, high-temperature liquefaction cracks, polygonal cracks), cold cracks (delayed cracks, hardened embrittlement cracks, low plasticity cracks), reheat cracks, and lamellar tear cracks as they shape and cause. Crack thiab lwm yam.
5. Txom nyem
Undercutting qee zaum hu ua undercutting. Nws yog ib qho zawj qis dua qhov saum npoo ntawm lub hauv paus hlau uas tsim los ntawm cov ntiv taw vuam vim tias cov hlau tso tawm tsis tiav tag nrho cov melted ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus hlau thaum vuam. Tom qab lub vuam arc melts ntawm ntug ntawm lub vuam, tsis tau txais qhov sib txawv sab laug los ntawm kev ntxiv ntawm molten hlau los ntawm electrode. Ib qho kev sib sib zog nqus tob dhau yuav ua rau qhov sib koom ua ke tsis muaj zog thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev txiav.
6. Lwm yam tsis xws luag
Ntxiv rau qhov tsis xws li hais saum toj no, qhov tsis xws luag ntawm welds muaj xws li porosity, txias kaw, hlawv-los ntawm, weld pob, shrinkage kab noj hniav, pits, sags, uneven weld ceg loj, ntau concavity / convexity, thiab tsis ncaj ncees lawm weld toe ces kaum. .
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