Titanium tau pom nyob rau hauv Cornwall, Great Britain, los ntawm William Gregor hauv 1791 thiab tau muab lub npe los ntawm Martin Heinrich Klaproth tom qab Titans ntawm Greek mythology. Lub caij no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntxhia deposits, feem ntau rutile thiab ilmenite, uas yog dav faib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust thiab lithosphere; Nws muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua yam muaj sia, nrog rau lub cev ntawm dej, pob zeb, thiab av. Cov hlau yog muab rho tawm los ntawm nws cov pob zeb tseem ceeb los ntawm cov txheej txheem Kroll thiab Hunter. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntau tshaj plaws, titanium dioxide, yog ib qho nrov photocatalyst thiab siv hauv kev tsim cov xim dawb. Lwm cov tshuaj muaj xws li titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), ib feem ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej thiab cov catalysts; thiab titanium trichloride (TiCl3), uas yog siv los ua catalyst hauv kev tsim cov polypropylene.
Titanium tuaj yeem alloyed nrog hlau, txhuas, vanadium, thiab molybdenum, ntawm lwm yam, los tsim muaj zog, hnav alloys rau aerospace (jet engines, missiles, thiab spacecraft), tub rog, industrial txheej txheem (tshuaj thiab petrochemicals, desalination nroj tsuag, pulp, thiab ntawv) tsheb, kev ua liaj ua teb (ua liaj ua teb), kev kho mob prostheses, orthopedic implants, kho hniav thiab endodontic cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub ntawv, kev cog hniav, khoom ntaus pob ncaws pob, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam kev siv.
Ob qho khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau yog corrosion kuj thiab lub zog-rau-qhov sib piv, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Hauv nws qhov xwm txheej tsis sib xws, titanium muaj zog npaum li qee cov hlau tab sis ntom ntom. Muaj ob daim ntawv allotropic thiab tsib qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov isotopes ntawm lub caij no, 46Ti txog 50Ti, nrog 48Ti yog qhov ntau tshaj (73.8 feem pua).
Lub cev muaj zog
Raws li cov hlau, titanium tau lees paub rau nws qhov siab zog-rau-qhov hnyav piv. Nws yog cov hlau muaj zog nrog cov tuab tuab uas yog tus ductile (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig oxygen), lus tsis muaj xim rau hauv cov xim. Cov ntsiab lus melting siab heev (1,668 degree lossis 3,034 degree F) ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov hlau refractory. Nws yog paramagnetic thiab muaj hluav taws xob tsawg thiab thermal conductivity piv rau lwm yam hlau. Titanium yog superconducting thaum txias hauv qab nws qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 0.49 K.
Kev lag luam ntshiab (99.2 feem pua ntshiab) qib ntawm titanium muaj qhov kawg tensile lub zog ntawm txog 434 MPa (63, 000 psi), sib npaug rau cov hom, qib qis steel alloys, tab sis tsawg ntom. Titanium yog 60 feem pua denser tshaj li txhuas, tab sis ntau tshaj li ob zaug muaj zog raws li feem ntau siv 6061-T6 txhuas alloy. Qee cov titanium alloys (piv txwv li, Beta C) ua tiav lub zog tensile ntawm tshaj 1,400 MPa (200, 000 psi). Txawm li cas los xij, titanium poob lub zog thaum kub siab tshaj 430 degree (806 degree F).
Titanium tsis yog ib qho nyuaj li qee cov qib ntawm cov hlau kho cua sov; nws tsis yog hlau nplaum thiab tsis zoo conductor ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob. Machining yuav tsum tau ceev faj vim tias cov khoom tuaj yeem ua rau gall tshwj tsis yog siv cov cuab yeej ntse thiab cov txheej txheem txias kom zoo. Zoo li cov qauv hlau, cov khoom tsim los ntawm titanium muaj qhov qaug zog txwv uas lav lub neej ntev hauv qee qhov kev siv.
Cov hlau yog dimorphic allotrope ntawm daim ntawv hexagonal uas hloov mus rau hauv lub cev-centered cubic (lattice) daim ntawv ntawm 882 degree (1,620 degree F). Cov cua kub tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv nce siab heev vim nws tau rhuab mus rau qhov kev hloov pauv kub tab sis tom qab ntawd ntog thiab tseem nyob ruaj khov rau daim ntawv tsis hais qhov kub thiab txias.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj
Zoo li txhuas thiab magnesium, qhov saum npoo ntawm titanium hlau thiab nws cov alloys oxidize tam sim ntawd thaum raug huab cua los ua ib txheej nyias uas tsis yog-porous passivation txheej uas tiv thaiv cov hlau ntau los ntawm oxidation ntxiv lossis corrosion. Thaum nws thawj cov ntaub ntawv, cov txheej tiv thaiv no tsuas yog 1-2 nm tuab tab sis nws tseem maj mam loj hlob mus txog qhov tuab ntawm 25 nm hauv plaub xyoos. Cov txheej no muab titanium zoo heev tiv thaiv corrosion, yuav luag sib npaug rau platinum.
Titanium muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam los ntawm dilute sulfuric thiab hydrochloric acids, chloride daws, thiab feem ntau cov organic acids. Txawm li cas los xij, titanium yog corroded los ntawm concentrated acids. Raws li qhia los ntawm nws qhov tsis zoo redox lub peev xwm, titanium yog thermodynamically ib qho hlau reactive heev uas kub hnyiab tau nyob rau hauv ib txwm huab cua ntawm qis dua qhov melting point. Melting yog ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug inert cua los yog nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum. Ntawm 550 degree (1,022 degree F), nws ua ke nrog cov tshuaj chlorine. Nws kuj reacts nrog rau lwm yam halogens thiab absorbs hydrogen.
Titanium nkag siab nrog oxygen ntawm 1,200 degree (2,190 degree F) hauv huab cua, thiab ntawm 610 degree (1,130 degree F) hauv cov pa ntshiab, tsim titanium dioxide. Titanium yog ib qho ntawm ob peb lub ntsiab lus uas hlawv hauv cov pa roj nitrogen ntshiab, reacting ntawm 800 degree (1,470 degree F) los tsim titanium nitride, uas ua rau embrittlement. Vim hais tias ntawm nws cov reactivity siab nrog oxygen, nitrogen, thiab ntau lwm yam gases, titanium uas yog evaporated los ntawm filaments yog lub hauv paus rau titanium sublimation twj tso kua mis, nyob rau hauv uas titanium ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug scavenger rau cov gases los ntawm chemically khi rau lawv. Cov twj zoo li no ua rau muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj siab hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ultra-siab.
Qhov tshwm sim
Titanium yog lub cuaj-ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust (0.63 feem pua ntawm qhov loj) thiab cov hlau ntau tshaj xya. Nws yog tam sim no raws li oxides nyob rau hauv feem ntau igneous pob zeb, nyob rau hauv sediments muab los ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv tej yam muaj sia, thiab nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso lub cev ntawm dej. Ntawm 801 hom pob zeb tsis pom kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Geological Survey, 784 muaj titanium. Nws qhov kev faib ua feem hauv av yog kwv yees li 0.5 mus rau 1.5 feem pua.
Feem ntau cov titanium-muaj cov zaub mov yog anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, thiab titanite (sphene). Akaogiite yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj pob zeb uas muaj titanium dioxide. Ntawm cov zaub mov no, tsuas yog rutile thiab ilmenite muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, tab sis txawm tias lawv tsis yooj yim nrhiav tau hauv cov ntsiab lus siab. Kwv yees li 6. Qhov tseem ceeb titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits muaj nyob rau sab hnub poob Australia, Canada, Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway, Sierra Leone, South Africa, thiab Ukraine. Txog 210,000 tonnes ntawm titanium hlau daim txhuam cev tau tsim xyoo 2020, feem ntau hauv Suav teb (110,{11}} t), Nyiv (50,{13}} t), Russia (33,{{ 15}} t), thiab Kazakhstan (15, 000 t). Tag nrho cov reserves ntawm anatase, ilmenite, thiab rutile yog kwv yees tshaj 2 billion tonnes.
Qhov concentration ntawm titanium yog hais txog 4 picomolar hauv dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau ntawm 100 degree, qhov concentration ntawm titanium hauv dej yog kwv yees tsawg dua 10-7 M ntawm pH 7. Lub cim ntawm titanium hom nyob rau hauv aqueous tov tseem tsis paub vim hais tias ntawm nws tsawg solubility thiab tsis muaj rhiab heev spectroscopic txoj kev, tab sis tsuas yog lub 4 ntxiv rau oxidation lub xeev yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv huab cua. Tsis muaj pov thawj tshwm sim rau lub luag haujlwm lom neeg, txawm hais tias cov kab mob tsawg tsawg tau paub tias muaj cov titanium ntau ntau.
Titanium muaj nyob rau hauv meteorites, thiab nws tau pom nyob rau hauv lub hnub thiab nyob rau hauv M-hom hnub qub (hom txias tshaj plaws) nrog ib tug kub ntawm 3,200 degree (5,790 degree F). Pob zeb coj rov qab los ntawm lub hli thaum lub sijhawm Apollo 17 lub hom phiaj yog tsim los ntawm 12.1 feem pua TiO2. Native titanium (ntshiab metallic) yog tsawg heev.
Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog xov xwm Titanium,thov nias ntawm no.
Tiv tauj peb: zhangjixia@bjygti.com
